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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Carroll Izard ： ウィキペディア英語版 Carroll Izard Carroll Ellis Izard (born October 8, 1923) is an American research psychologist〔(''Carrol E. Izard, Unidel Professor of Psychology, McKinly Lab., University of Delaware''. ) (22 October, 2015 )〕〔(''$2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Mental Health to evaluate Head Start program''. ) (22 October, 2015 )〕 known for his contributions to Differential Emotions Theory (DET),〔Cicchetti, D. (2015). Reflections on Carroll Izard's contributions: Influences on diverse scientific disciplines and personal reflections. ''Emotion Review, 7''(2), 104-109. doi: 10.1177/1754073914554781 〕 and the Maximally Discriminative Affect Coding System (MAX).〔Izard, C.E., (1979). ''The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX)''. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Instructional Resource Center.〕 Differential Emotions Theory maintains that universally recognizable innate, basic emotions emerge within the first 2 to 7 months of post-natal life "without facial movement precursors",〔Izard, C. E. et al. (1995). The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. ''Developmental Psychology, 31'', 997–1013.〕 and argues for congruence of emotional expression and subjective experience.〔Izard, C. E. & Abe, J. A. (2004). Developmental changes in facial expressions of emotions in the strange situation during the second year of life. ''Emotion, 4''(3), 251-265.〕 Izard also undertook empirical studies into the Facial feedback hypothesis according to which emotions which have different functions also cause facial expressions which in turn provide us with cues about what emotion a person is feeling. In addition, Izard constructed a multidimensional self-report measure - the ''Differential Emotions Scale'' - currently in its 4th edition (DES-IV) that purports to measure 12 fundamental emotions universally discernible in the facial expressions of infants. The 12 subscales are labeled: Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear, Shame, Shyness, and Guilt. The DES-IV has been used extensively in both research and practice.〔Boyle, G. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 5'', 747-750.〕〔Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Multidimensional measures of affects: Emotions and mood states (pp. 190-224). In ( ''Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs.'' ) Elsevier/Academic Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-12-386915-9〕 ==Career== Chronologically, Izard's career was at Syracuse University, Vanderbilt University, and finally the University of Delaware. A ''festschrift'' was held at the University of Delaware in October 2012 to celebrate Izard's lifelong contributions to the understanding of human emotional development.〔 (''Festschrift for Carroll E. Izard, University of Delaware, 22 October, 2012''. ) (22 October, 2015 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carroll Izard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.